Sep 09, · Conflict in the workplace is common, so effective conflict resolution strategies for HR need to be common as well. Conflict is any workplace disagreement that disrupts the workflow. It is often a situation in which people perceive a threat; they may perceive this threat as physical, emotional, or a grab for power or status Courses run 12 weeks each term. Students have a choice of completing a thesis or portfolio as a culminating event. The program involves a comprehensive study of the practical skills, methods, theory, and research needed to be an effective mediator, negotiator and conflict manager Nov 06, · International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed Conflict The day is observed on November 6 to raise awareness about the damage caused to
5 Conflict Resolution Practices for HR
Class conflictalso referred to as class struggle and class warfareis the political tension and economic antagonism that exists in society consequent to socio-economic competition among the social classes or between rich and poor. The forms of class conflict include direct violence such as wars for resources and cheap labor, assassinations or revolution ; indirect violence such as deaths from poverty and starvation, illness and unsafe working conditions; and economic coercion such as the threat of unemployment or the withdrawal of investment capital; or ideologically, by way of political literature.
Additionally, political forms of class warfare include: legal and illegal lobbying, and bribery of legislators. The social-class conflict can be direct, as in a dispute between labour and management such as an employer's industrial lockout of their employees in effort to weaken the bargaining power of the corresponding trade union ; or indirect such as a workers' slowdown of production in protest of term papers on conflict resolution labor practices like low wages and poor workplace conditions.
In the political and economic philosophies of Karl Marx and Mikhail Bakuninclass struggle is a central tenet and a practical means for effecting radical social and political changes for the social majority. In term papers on conflict resolution science, socialists and Marxists use the term class conflict to define a social class by its relationship to the means of productionsuch as factories, agricultural land, and industrial machinery.
The social control of labor and of the production of goods and services, is a political contest between the social classes. The anarchist Mikhail Bakunin said that the class struggles of the working class, the peasantry, and the working poor were central to realizing a social revolution to depose and replace the ruling class, and the creation of libertarian socialism. Marx's theory of history proposes that class conflict is decisive in the history of economic systems organized by hierarchies of social class such as capitalism and feudalism.
Where societies are socially divided based on status, wealth, or control of social production and distribution, class structures arise and are thus coeval with civilization itself. This has been well documented since at least European classical antiquity such as the Conflict of the Orders and Spartacusamong others. In his HistoryThucydides describes a civil war in the city of Corcyra between the pro- Athens party of the common people and their pro- Corinth oligarchic opposition.
Near the climax of the struggle, "the oligarchs in full rout, fearing that the victorious commons might assault and carry the arsenal and put them to the sword, fired the houses round the market-place and the lodging-houses, in order to bar their advance. In his treatise PoliticsAristotle describes the basic dimensions of class war: "Again, because the rich are generally few in number, while the poor are many, they appear to be antagonistic, and as the one or the other prevails they form the government.
Aristotle also commented that "poverty is the parent of revolution. In a society where property is distributed equally across the community, "the nobles will be dissatisfied because they think themselves worthy term papers on conflict resolution more than an equal share of honours; and this is often found to be a cause of sedition and revolution.
Moreover, he discussed what he considered a middle way between laxity and cruelty in the treatment of slaves by their masters, averring that "if not kept in hand, [slaves] are insolent, and think that they are as good as their masters, and, if harshly treated, they hate and conspire against them. Socrates was perhaps the first major Greek philosopher to describe class war.
In Plato 's RepublicSocrates proposes that "any city, however small, is in fact divided into two, one the city of the poor, the other of the rich; these are at war with one another. He used the analogy of a maritime pilotwho, like a powerholder in a polis, ought to be chosen for his skill, not for the amount of property he owns, term papers on conflict resolution.
Plutarch recounts how various classical figures took part in class conflict. Oppressed by their indebtedness term papers on conflict resolution the rich, the mass of Athenians chose Solon to be the lawgiver to lead them to freedom from their creditors.
Participation in Ancient Greek class war could have dangerous consequences. Plutarch noted of King Agis of Sparta that, "being desirous to raise the people, and to restore the noble and just form of government, now long fallen into disuse, [he] incurred the hatred of the rich and powerful, who could not endure to be deprived of the selfish enjoyment to which they were accustomed.
It was similarly difficult for the Romans to maintain peace between the upper class, the patriciansand the lower class, the plebs. French Enlightenment philosopher Montesquieu notes that this conflict intensified after the overthrow of the Roman monarchy. The Senate had the ability to give a magistrate the power of dictatorshipmeaning he could bypass public law in the pursuit of a prescribed mandate.
Montesquieu explains that the purpose of this institution was to tilt the balance of power in favour of the patricians. Tacitus believed that the increase in Roman power spurred the patricians to expand their power over more and more cities. This process, he felt, exacerbated pre-existing class tensions with the plebs, and eventually culminated in the patrician Sulla's first civil warwith the populist reformer Marius.
Of all the notable figures discussed by Plutarch and Tacitus, agrarian reformer Tiberius Gracchus may have most challenged the upper classes and most championed the cause of the lower classes. In a speech to the common soldiery, he decried their lowly conditions:.
Following this observation, he remarked that these men "fought indeed and were slain, but it was to maintain the luxury and the wealth of other men. Tiberius Gracchus says Cicero caused the free-men to be admitted into the tribesnot by the force of his eloquence, but by a word, term papers on conflict resolution, by a gesture; which had he not effected, the republic, whose drooping head we are at present scarce able to uphold, would not even exist.
Tiberius Gracchus weakened the power of the Senate by changing the law so that judges were chosen from the ranks of the knightsinstead of their social superiors in the senatorial class.
Contrary to Shakespeare's depiction of Julius Caesar in the tragedy Julius Caesarhistorian Michael Parenti has argued that Caesar was a populist, not a tyrant. In The New Press published Parenti's The Assassination of Julius Caesar: A People's History of Ancient Rome. to demonstrate that Caesar's death was the culmination of growing class conflict, economic disparity and political corruption. The patrician Coriolanuswhose life William Shakespeare would later depict in the tragic play Coriolanusfought on the other side of the class war, for the patricians and against the plebs.
When grain arrived to relieve a serious shortage in the city of Rome, the plebs made it known that they felt it ought to be term papers on conflict resolution amongst them as a gift, but Coriolanus stood up in term papers on conflict resolution Senate against this idea on the grounds that it would empower the plebs at the expense term papers on conflict resolution the patricians. This decision would eventually contribute to Coriolanus's undoing when he was impeached following a trial by the tribunes of the plebs.
Montesquieu recounts how Coriolanus castigated the tribunes for trying a patrician, when in his mind no one but a consul had that right, although a law had been passed stipulating that all appeals affecting the life of a citizen had to be brought before the plebs.
In the first scene of Shakespeare's Coriolanusa crowd of angry plebs gathers in Rome to denounce Coriolanus as the "chief enemy to the people" and "a very dog to the commonalty" while the leader of the mob speaks out against the patricians thusly:. They ne'er cared for us yet: suffer us to famish, and their store-houses crammed with grain; make edicts for usury, to support usurers; repeal daily any wholesome act established against the rich, and provide more piercing statutes daily, to chain up and restrain the poor.
If the wars eat us not up, they will; and there's all the love they bear us. Enlightenment -era historian Edward Gibbon might have agreed with this narrative of Roman class conflict. In the third volume of The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empirehe relates the origins of the struggle:. The lands of Italy which had been originally divided among the families of free and indigent proprietors, were insensibly purchased or usurped by the avarice of the nobles; and in the age which preceded the fall of the republic, it was computed that only two thousand citizens were possessed of an independent substance.
Hegel similarly states that the 'severity of the patricians their creditors, the debts due to whom they had to discharge by slave-work, drove the plebs to revolts. The economist Adam Smith noted that the poor freeman's lack of land provided a major impetus for Roman colonisationas a way to relieve class tensions at home between the rich and the landless poor.
Writing in pre-capitalist Europe, both the Swiss philosophe Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the Scottish Enlightenment philosopher Adam Smith made significant remarks on the dynamics of class struggle, as did the Federalist statesman James Madison across the Atlantic Ocean.
Later, in the age of early industrial capitalism, English political economist John Stuart Mill and German idealist Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel would also contribute their perspectives to the discussion around class conflict between employers and employees.
It was with bitter sarcasm that Rousseau outlined the class conflict prevailing in his day between masters and their workmen:. You have need of me, because I am rich and you are poor. We will therefore come to an agreement. I will permit you to have the honour of serving me, on condition that you bestow on me the little you have left, in return for the pains I shall take to command you.
Rousseau argued that the most important task of any government is to fight in class warfare on the side of workmen against their masters, who he said engage in exploitation under the pretence of serving society. Like Rousseau, the classical liberal Adam Smith believed that the amassing of property in the hands of a minority naturally resulted in an disharmonious state of affairs where "the affluence of the few supposes the indigence of many" and "excites the indignation of the poor, who are often both driven by want, and prompted by envy, to invade [the rich term papers on conflict resolution possessions.
Concerning wages, he explained the conflicting class interests of masters and workmen, who he said were often compelled to form trade unions for fear of suffering starvation wages, as follows:. What are the common wages of labour, depends everywhere upon the contract usually made between those two parties, term papers on conflict resolution, term papers on conflict resolution interests are by no means the same.
The workmen desire to get as much, the masters to give as little, as possible. The former are disposed to combine in order to raise, the latter in order to lower, the wages of labour. The masters, being fewer in number, can combine much more easily: and the law, besides, authorises, or at least does not prohibit, their combinations, while it prohibits those of the workmen.
We have no acts of parliament against combining to lower the price of work, but many against combining to raise it. In all such disputes, the masters can hold out much longer. A landlord, a farmer, a master manufacturer, or merchant, though they did not employ a single workman, could generally live a year or two upon the stocks, which they have already acquired. Many workmen could not subsist a week, few could subsist a month, and scarce any a year, without employment.
In the long run, the workman may be as necessary to his master as his master is to him; but the necessity is not so immediate. Smith observed that, term papers on conflict resolution, outside of colonies where land is cheap and labour expensive, both the masters who subsist by profit and the masters who subsist by rents will work in tandem to subjugate the class of workmen, who subsist by wages.
In his Federalist No. Those who hold and those who are without property have ever formed distinct interests in society. Those who are creditors, and those who are debtors, fall under a like discrimination.
Adam Smith was not the only classical liberal political economist concerned with class conflict. In his Considerations on Representative GovernmentJohn Stuart Mill observed the complete marginalisation of workmen's voices in Parliamentrhetorically asking whether its members ever empathise with the position of term papers on conflict resolution, instead of siding entirely with their masters, on issues such as the right to go on strike.
During Mill's discussion of the merits of progressive taxation in his essay Utilitarianismhe notes as an aside the power of the rich as independent of state support:. People feel obliged to argue that the State does more for the rich than for the poor, as a justification for its taking more [in taxation] from them: though this is in reality not true, for the rich would be far better able to protect term papers on conflict resolution, in the absence of law or government, than the poor, and indeed would probably be successful in converting the poor into their slaves.
In his Philosophy of RightHegel expressed concern that the standard of living of the poor might drop so far as to make it even easier for the rich to amass even more wealth. Against nature man can claim no right, term papers on conflict resolution, but once society is established, poverty immediately takes the form of a wrong done to one class by another.
The typical example of class conflict described is class conflict within capitalism. This class conflict is seen term papers on conflict resolution occur primarily between the bourgeoisie and the proletariatand takes the form of term papers on conflict resolution over hours of work, value of wages, division of profits, cost of consumer goods, the culture at work, control over parliament or bureaucracyand economic inequality, term papers on conflict resolution.
The particular implementation of government programs which may seem purely humanitarian, term papers on conflict resolution, such as disaster relief, term papers on conflict resolution, can actually be a form of class conflict. Thomas Jefferson — led the U. as president from to and term papers on conflict resolution considered one of the founding fathers. Regarding the interaction between social classes, he wrote:. I am convinced that those societies as the Indians which live without government enjoy in their general mass an infinitely greater degree of happiness than those who live under the European governments.
I do not exaggerate. This is a true picture of Europe. Cherish therefore the spirit of our people, and keep alive their attention. Do not be too severe upon their errors, but reclaim them by enlightening them.
It seems to be the law of our general nature, in spite of individual exceptions; and experience declares that man is the only animal which devours his own kind, for I can apply no milder term to the governments of Europe, and to the general prey of the rich on the poor.
Max Weber — agreed with the fundamental ideas of Karl Marx about the economy causing class conflict, but claimed that class conflict can also stem from prestige and power.
Different locations can largely affect one's class by their education and the people they associate with. This prestige is based upon the social status of one's parents. Prestige is an attributed value and many times cannot be changed. Weber stated that power differences led to the formation of political parties, term papers on conflict resolution.
While Marx believed that groups are similar due to their economic status, Weber argued that classes are largely formed by social status. In the U. As far back as representative Edward Hamilton of the Airline Pilot's Associationused the term "class warfare" to describe airline management's opposition at the National Labor Board hearings in October of that year.
The investor, term papers on conflict resolution, billionaireand philanthropist Warren Buffettone of the wealthiest people in the world, [53] voiced in and once more in his view that his class, the "rich class", is waging class warfare on the rest of society.
What Is Conflict Resolution?
, time: 21:15Class conflict - Wikipedia
Light () claimed that conflict resolution offers a more viable outcome to conflict, because it converts the conflict into a shared problem, setting up a process in which both sides participate equally in finding solutions which are acceptable to both and which, therefore, are self-sustaining One, Two, Three Conflict Resolution|Dana Daniel and Your Homework Is Done! Writing academic papers has never been that easy. Just give us your instructions, make a payment, and get a professional writer to work on your tasks. Pros with Ph.D. degrees; Urgent assistance; Confidentiality and safety Achiever Papers is here to help you with citations and referencing. Our professional writers are experienced in all formatting styles such as APA, MLA, Chicago, Turabian, and others. This means you can get your essay written well in any of the formatting style you need
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