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The First English Settlements - AP U.S. History Topic Outlines - Study Notes
Before the arrival of the English, the Spanish influence in the New World extended from the Chesapeake Bay to the tip of South America. Spanish possessions included the developing cities of Mexico, Peru, and Cuba. InSir Walter Raleigh took on one of the first English settlement attempts. Then, ap english essays, inap english essays, Raleigh made a second attempt at settling a colony at Roanoke, Virginia.
In the early s, England and Spain had a strong connection based on their dedication to the Roman Catholic Church and the marriage between Henry VIII of England and Catherine of Aragon.
Then, in the ap english essays when Henry VIII broke from the Roman Catholic Church ap english essays he could divorce Catherine, the efforts of English Protestant reformers gained official support and the once close relations between England and Spain broke down.
Henry VIII wanted to annul his marriage of 20 years to Catherine of Aragon because she had only provided him with female heirs. However, Catherine was the aunt to the King of Spain, Charles V, ap english essays, whose support was vital to the Holy Roman Empire, so the pope refused the annulment. In a political move, Henry severed the connection with Rome, declared himself head of the Church of England, named a new archbishop who granted his annulment, and remarried, ap english essays.
Ironically, his new wife did not present him with the male heir he wanted, but instead a daughter named Elizabeth who later reigned from to Following the unpopular reign of Queen Mary, Queen Elizabeth I came to power and embodied both an ambition in world affairs and a strong but pragmatic Protestantism that renewed the tensions between England and Spain. The English, quietly backed by Queen Elizabeth, began to plunder Spanish merchant ships.
He captured a Spanish treasure ship and netted profits of about 4, percent for his financial backers. King Philip II of Spain was angered by the English raids on his ships and began to assemble an Armada of ships to invade England. One of his goals was to bring England back into the Catholic fold once and for all. Inthe Spanish Armada consisting of some ships and 30, men sailed to the English Channel. The English fleet fought back with ships that were faster and more maneuverable and crushed the Armada.
Ap english essays a series of storms scattered the remainder of the Spanish flotilla as it attempted to circle the British Isles, completing the destruction. This historically significant win for England ensured their naval dominance in the North Atlantic and built their confidence and their ambition to secure settlements in ap english essays New World.
Although Elizabeth produced no heirs to the throne, the influence of her reign continued inap english essays, when James VI of Scotland became James I of Great Britain, uniting Scotland and England under one monarchy. This was an era of great social, economic, and political development ap english essays England, ap english essays.
Where networks were established, the English built ties to local merchants and set up new trade routes and port facilities with the goal of building wealth for England. Colonial expansion was fueled by a number of factors. Economic recession left many without work, even skilled artisans could earn little more than enough to ap english essays. Poor crop yields added to the distress.
In addition, the Industrial Revolution had created a growing textile industry, which demanded an ever-increasing supply of wool. Landlords enclosed farmlands for sheep grazing, which left the farmers without anywhere to live. The law of primogeniture first born stated that only the eldest son inherited an estate, which left many entrepreneurial younger sons to seek their fortunes elsewhere.
Colonial expansion became an outlet for these displaced populations. The development of joint-stock companies encouraged commercial expansion and provided the financial backing. The joint-stock company allowed several investors to pool their capital and share the risks and profits, becoming the predecessor of the modern corporation.
All such activity had to take place with the approval of the monarch, who granted a charter that outlined the basic terms of the venture. When overseas, the charter reinforced the idea that those involved were extensions of England and English customs.
The charter later became an important document in American history because it guaranteed the settlers the same rights as the people of England. InKing James I granted a charter to colonize Virginia, the ap english essays area claimed by England in the New World, to a joint-stock company called the Virginia Company of London. The charter revealed the primary motivation for colonization of both King James and the company: the promise of gold.
Secondary motivations included finding a sea passage through the New World to Asia and the Indies, establishing colonies and outposts to demonstrate English power and influence, and spreading Christianity and a European definition of civilization to the native people.
The English assumed that the riches and native populations that the Spanish found in Mexico and Peru existed throughout the Americas. In latethe Virginia Company set sail with about male settlers aboard. On May 24, ap english essays,their three ships landed near the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay area on the banks of the James River. Here they founded Jamestown, the first permanent English colony in the New World.
The English had been planting similar settlements in Ap english essays since the s and so used a familiar model in the New World. As settlers, their goal was to transplant their way of life as much as possible.
This made the early ap english essays of Jamestown difficult for the settlers, ap english essays. The land was hot, ap english essays, and mosquito-infested, and the settlers were mostly aristocrats and artisans who did not know how to farm, fish, or hunt.
Instead, they spent much of their time searching for nonexistent gold. Many of those who did not die on the trip to the New World died once they arrived from disease, malnutrition, and starvation. The local Indians helped the ap english essays with food during their first hard winters and taught them how to farm and live off the land. The Powhatan leader for numerous Algonquian-speaking Indian tribes in the region took a position of cautious assistance and patient observation of the colonists, ap english essays.
The Indians had experienced small parties of Spanish explorers and missionaries in the s and wondered ap english essays these newcomers would bring. Europeans came to call these Indians the Powhatan Indians. The directors of the Virginia Company of London failed to provide the colony with effective guidance and they continued to struggle. One colonist, John Smith, came to Jamestown after a career as a solider and provided much-needed leadership to the settlers. Smith was a fantastic soldier in Eastern Europe before he went to Jamestown, ap english essays.
He fought many battles and triumphed in a variety of adventures, including freeing himself from his Turkish captors by killing his overseer to escape imprisonment. Smith bargained with the Indians so that he could explore and map the Chesapeake area, ap english essays. He had no reservations about taking advantage of the Indians in order to benefit the colonists. His leadership and resourcefulness saved the colonists from extinction. This act of mercy enabled Pocahontas, who was only about ten years old, to preserve wavering peace and become a liaison between the Indians and the settlers.
When spring arrived, the remaining colonists decided to head home to England. As they made their way down the James River they were met by a new Governor, Lord De La Warr, who sent them back to Jamestown.
The hardships continued for the colonists and the cultural clashes with the Indians increased. Ina peace settlement ended the First Anglo-Powhatan War, and like many settlements of the time in Europe, was sealed with a marriage, in this case between a settler named John Rolfe and Pocahontas, ap english essays, who had converted to Christianity. InPocahontas and Rolfe went to England to visit James I and John Smith, and during their trip, inPocahontas died of disease and was buried in Gravesend, England.
This was a critical turning point for Jamestown. John Rolfe became the economic savior of the Virginia colony by importing tobacco seeds that were much smoother and milder than the local tobacco. As the profits from the cultivation of tobacco increased, the colonists no longer cared about looking for gold. Instead, they wanted to acquire large plots of land so they could grow more of the ap english essays leaf.
However, these profits did not go to the London Company, because by the time tobacco became profitable most of the original colonists had served their seven years with the company, ap english essays.
So the ap english essays went to the planters who owned the farms, not the shareholders of the London Company.
The newly-developed tobacco plantation economy became the first commodity to save the south and provide wealth for the colonists, ap english essays it also had some negative consequences. It was the only source of fortune, and so the success of the Virginians was tied directly to the fluctuating price of tobacco. It was very hard on the soil and the vast plantation system required a large labor force.
In a Dutch ship stopped in Jamestown and dropped off 20 Africans, establishing the beginning of the North American slave system. Ap english essays, there were a limited number of slaves in all of the Southern colonies in the early s, with only blacks in Virginia by Instead, the planters had to rely on a white labor force of indentured ap english essays. This allowed the settlers to choose delegates to advise the governor, and from these beginnings sprang a new pattern of representative self-government in America.
That same year, a ship arrived with 90 women aboard. These women were to be sold to likely husbands of their own choice for the cost of transportation, which was the equivalent of about pounds of tobacco. The arrival of women to the colony sent a powerful message that Jamestown was there to stay.
The land-hungry settlers continued to push inland creating conflict with the Indians. The peace settlement from the First Anglo-Powhatan War had lasted only eight years. Inthe Indians attacked and left settlers dead, including John Rolfe. The London Company embarked on a charge to decimate the Indians, spawning the Second Anglo-Powhatan War in The Indians were once again defeated. The peace treaty of banished the Chesapeake Indians from Virginia, sparking a chain reaction of westward movement of tribes, each group displacing the existing peoples, who then moved and displaced others.
InKing James had appointed a commission to investigate the London Company and their management of Jamestown. The committee recommended the court dissolve the company, so the King revoked the charter, making Virginia a royal colony directly under his control.
As a financial investment the London Company had been a disaster—the shareholders lost everything they invested. Although there were major financial losses, as the King took over, Virginia was firmly established and beginning to prosper in the New World. The church under Queen Elizabeth tried to balance between the Anglo-Catholic factions and the Protestant groups. The solution was a compromise between the Catholic and the Protestant extremes allowing for some latitude ap english essays long as the monarch was accepted as the head of the church.
However, the more radical Protestants felt that the Anglican Church was still too much like the Church of Rome. As a guide for what they felt Christianity should be, they embraced the ideas of the sixteenth century French religious leader, John Calvin, who felt God was all-powerful and all-good and that humans were naturally weak and wicked. Calvinism also proposed that from the beginning of time everyone was either predestined for eternal bliss or eternal torment.
The Puritans wanted the Church of England completely de-Catholicized. A small group of extreme Puritans called Separatists broke away from the Church of England completely. Inwhen King James I succeeded Queen Elizabeth I, the Puritans feared that England might slide farther back to its Catholic roots.
At the same time, King James began to feel that if the Puritans did not see him as their spiritual leader, they might defy him as their political leader.
AP English Language: Rubric Walkthrough for Q2: Rhetorical Analysis
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These short, searchable videos, created by AP teachers from across the country, are available for all AP courses and cover the content and skills you’re studying in class. All students who join an AP class section (including an exam only section) can watch them 1, Followers, Following, 12 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from abdou now online (@abdoualittlebit) Apr 01, · The official home page of the Apache OpenOffice open source project, home of OpenOffice Writer, Calc, Impress, Draw and Base
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